Leadership As A Leader Of An Organization - 1048 Words

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The Land vs. The Rive in Huckleberry Finn - 2339 Words

Contrast of the River and the Land in Huck Finn In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain it is apparent that there are two different types of lives that can be led- the â€Å"sivilized† life on land or the free life along the river. Living on land is a more socially accepted way of life where there are a lot of opportunities, both good and bad. Life on the river is a lot simpler. Huck and Jim find their new lives to be free of conventional rules and regulations and they decide to live the way they want and not bow to societal demands. Twain contrasts life on the wide river to the often problematic life on the land through Huck and Jim’s experiences and adventures. â€Å"Twain’s†¦show more content†¦He looks for comfort and safety, so he makes his way to the river. In the article Huck, Twain, and the Freedman’s Shackles: Struggling with Huckleberry Finn Today, Tuire Valkeakari emphasizes the fact that the river is a place where both Huck and Jim can be at ease. She states â₠¬Å"Life on the shore and Huck and Jim’s life on the water have come to represent binary opposites. Huck and Jim have witnessed terrible tragedies and encountered lethal hazards on the shore, but their interracial existence on the raft-their oasis- has become something of a semi-democratic arrangement† (Valkeakari). Compared to the outrageous incidents that occur onshore, the raft represents a haven from the outside world, the site of simple pleasures and good companionship. Even the simple food Jim offers Huck is delicious in this atmosphere of freedom and comfort. Huck and Jim do not have to answer to anyone on the raft, and it represents a kind of comforting life for them. They try to maintain this separation from society and its problems, but as the raft makes its way southward, unsavory influences from onshore repeatedly invade the world of the raft. For example, the meeting between Huck and Jim and two con men, nicknamed the King and Duke. Huck and Jim are hailed d own by these two men as they are chased out of a

The Renaissance and the Harlem Renassance Essay Example For Students

The Renaissance and the Harlem Renassance Essay The Renaissance and the Harlem Renaissance: A Comparison and Contrast The Renaissance Period of the 14th-16th century was a time of change and growth in the world of art. All art forms experienced progress not only in terms of the human aspect of imagination, creativity and philosophy, but also in terms of progress in available technologies and available materials and tools. The Harlem Renaissance of the sasss and asss was similarly a time of change in the human condition as well as technique and subject matter. The medium of visual art, particularly painting, of both periods provides a fascinating study of comparison and contrasts. The Renaissance was a time of prolific production of paintings, many that are now considered masterpieces. At the beginning of the 14th century a change occurred regarding the philosophy behind art. The emergence of the Renaissance Humanist movement and its focus on the human condition separate from the church gave way to a vast array of previously unused, and in some cases, taboo subject matter. There was also a revival of interest in the Greek and Roman culture, their myths and legends and the beauty of their structures and cities (Renaissance Art, 2013). During the Harlem Renaissance there was a growing movement of independence in the African American art community. Prior to this time, there were African American artists, however there subject matter had been primarily depictions of Caucasian people, their lifestyle and culture. During the Harlem Renaissance, at the time called the New Negro Movement, there was a growing emphasis on African traditions and culture, as well as depiction of contemporary African American lifestyle and culture. The most famous painter of the Harlem Renaissance, Aaron Douglas (1899-1979) said Our problem is to conceive, develop, establish an art era. Gather, through pain, through sorrow, through hope, through disappointment, into the very depths of the souls of our people and drag forth material crude, rough, neglected. Then lets sing it, dance it, write it, paint it. Lets do the impossible. Lets create something transcendentally material, mystically objective. Earthy. Spiritually earthy. Dynamic. (The Making of African American Identity, 2007) This exemplifies the feeling of paintings from the Harlem Renaissance. They convey movement and feeling, bringing the observer into the action of the subject. This differs from the style of painting in the Renaissance. N that they provide a feeling of observation, a snapshot of a particular event or subject. The observer is intrigued by the beauty, the subject, the context and the message, but not inspired to participate as they are when viewing a pai nting from the Harlem Renaissance. In the latter part of the Middle Ages, paintings were primarily commissioned by the Church and the subject matter was limited to saints and biblical depictions in strict adherence to church doctrine. The use of Christian imagery and biblical subject matter continued in the Renaissance, however there was a much broader interpretation of the subjects, allowing the artist some license for his personality and beliefs to shine through and to focus on the human condition. Renaissance Art, 2013) The Renaissance works The Glorification of Mary (Poetical, 1481) and San Czarina Altarpiece (Beeline, 1 505) both portray biblical themes, but are not literal interpretations and contain contemporary people and/or images combined with the classic biblical figures. There are paintings from the Harlem Renaissance that portray spiritual and biblical subjects as well. These images are similar to the biblical/spiritual paintings from the Renaissance in that they also are subject to interpretation and are not a literal illustration. For example, Jesus and Three Marry Monsoons, 1939) is a portrayal of the crucifixion of Christ, but is far from the traditional image as portrayed in the Bible and in classical art pieces. The development of using oil paint on canvas and its widespread use revolutionized painting. Prior to this, the techniques were based on plaster, wet or dry, and the use of oil and tempura as binders. These works were primarily done directly on the walls of a structure and were limited to being viewed at the site of heir creation. .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c , .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .postImageUrl , .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c , .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c:hover , .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c:visited , .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c:active { border:0!important; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c:active , .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf724d116472cc38dc6fbb45bc629a21c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bernini's David - Sculpture EssayWhen oil on canvas began to be used, paintings became portable and as a result more accessible. The Harlem Renaissance did not produce any revolutionary mediums however there was a new emphasis on conveying emotion through the use of color, tone and light and provided relatable art for African Americans as well as giving the world a glimpse of the culture that existed in African American homes and neighborhoods. To compare and contrast the paintings of The Renaissance and the Harlem Renaissance in a direct manner, consider the Renaissance painting The School at Athens (Raphael, 1509) and The Train Station (Elision, 1935). In School Raphael has depicted the more than fifty Greek Philosophers in a great hall, socializing and presumably sharing ideas. The tone is expressed through sharp lines and use of while at the same time providing a commentary on the sharing of ideas and wisdom and conveying the artist respect for the great philosophers Plato and Aristotle as they are the at the center of the piece. In Station, Ellison has relied less on technical perfection and more on the conveyance of movement and simple portrayal of form, almost primitive. However, the primitive painting feel is deceptive, as each person is very expressive and the observer can feel the urgency and movement portrayed by the artist. This painting also provides social commentary by highlighting the exodus of African Americans to the North, and portraying the only African American visible on the south bound platform as a servant. The Renaissance of the 14th to 16th provides a legacy of masterpieces in painting, literature, sculpture and philosophy that has effected each subsequent period and is still relevant today. The Harlem Renaissance is similarly influential in todays culture. The music and literature of the Harlem Renaissance have been adopted into mainstream American Culture and are familiar to the populace. The visual art is less known, but still influential. The use and allusion to African symbols and images found in the paintings of the Harlem Renaissance are still found today in contemporary African American art. The bright colors and movement of the Harlem Renaissance pieces depicting African American urban life are easily recognizable and appreciated today (Severely, 2003). Because of the cultural significance of its placement in between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement, the Harlem

Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo Essay Example

Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo Paper Lenovo Analysis Internal and external analysis of Lenovo Group members: content 1. Introduction This report will analyze the business strategic management of Lenovo Company. Firstly, it briefly presents the business model of Lenovo. Secondly, the report will focus on internal and external environment of Lenovo, expounds business and operations strategy of Lenovo. Thirdly, it analyzes the strategic choice and strategy implementation. Then, it focuses on key features that how to choice strategic and factors to achieve successful implementation. Finally, it gives a brief summary of this report. 1. Background of Lenovo Lenovo Group was established in 1984, today it has grown to become a large enterprise groups which has diversified development in the information industry (Chuan, 2007). Now Lenovo is consist of the original Lenovo Group and the former IBM PC Division. Lenovo uses innovation, high-efficiency and customer satisfaction as its business model, devotes itself to create excellent PC, as well as invests in emerging markets (Liua Trevor, 2009). As one of the leaders in the global PC market, Lenovo develops and produces computer, sell the most reliable, secure and easy-to- se technology products, provides professional services to help global customers and partners to succeed. Lenovo Group is headquartered in New York, USA, at the same time, it established two main operations center in Beijing, China and the North Carolina, Raleigh, United States, and it also established two major research centers in Japan and C ) Currently Lenovo nas more than 1 employees all over world. Lenovo has worldwide selling network in PC market. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Analysis of Lenovo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In March 2004, it was ranking the second biggest PC companies in the world (ibid). 1. 2 Products of Lenovo Lenovo is becoming the second largest PC maker in the world after its acquisition of IBMs personal computer business in 2005 (Chuan, 2007). The main productions of Lenovo are the ThinkPad line and the Ideapad line of notebook PCs and ThinkCentre line of desktops. Lenovo Group segments its market to retail consumers, medium size businesses and large enterprises. According to its distribution channels, it divided its market through online sales, company-owned stores, chain retailers, and major technology distributors and vendors (ibid). . 2. 1 ThinkPad The ThinkPad line was originally sold by IBM in early years. Since early 2005, Lenovo merger and acquisition IBMs personal computer business, therefore the brand was owned by Lenovo (ibid). The consumer group of ThinkPads is mostly businesses men, schools, and individual users. It is the unique laptop in the world which has been use d on the International Space Station. 1. 2. 2 Lenovo Ideapad The Ideapad line was produced in January 2008. This product line is based on Lenovos own research and development. Unlike the ThinkPad line of notebooks, the Ideapad has fashion appearance, its design is not for the commercial market, and its ore suitable for the average consumers (Caulfield, 2012). The Ideapad has a glossy screen, smooth and responsive keyboard made the buttons have the sense of reality. 1. 2. 3 Thinkcentre In 2003, IBM produced the ThinkCentre line; in 2005, merged IBMs personal computer business, and acquired five years usufruct of the IBM PC brand; but since 2008, the products of ThinkCentre and ThinkPad stopped using this brand (ibid). Now ThinkCentre has three types, A types (A55,A60) E types and M types (M5ZM55) 1. Why do people buy Lenovo? Consumer needs means that consumers desire of purchasing a good or service. With the development and progress of society, high tech products gradually stepped into the life of normal people (Wet, 2004). Consumer needs is a concept and it can lead to consumer behaviors which make consumers to seek inexpensive products and get more tangib le benefits. There are six main factors influencing consumer behaviors: attitudes, motivation, perceptions, personality, lifestyle, and knowledge (ibid). Lenovo has 3 major Competitive edges compared with other PC markers (ibid). ) Ethnocentrism: The main market of Lenovo is china. It is a domestic brand of China, so Chinese people can easily accep this brand. 2) price: Compared with other brands, the price of Lenovos products is lower with the same confguration, because the cost of products of Lenovo is lower, including labour cost, raw materials and so on. 3) After-sale service: In China, customer can immediately get feedback from customer service. There are about 1250 after-sale stores around China, 87 after-sale stores abroad. 1. 4 Lenovos Dual-mode business model Lenovo builds dual-model to sell its products. The dual-mode includes transaction client mode (referred to as the T-mode) and relationship-based customer model (referred to as R mode) (ibid). T-mode, also known as the product model , is the retail form of Lenovo products, consists of three processes, the products goes through the manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and then reach to consumers. Lenovos sale is not directly facing the market, but to face the channel system which has strong market coverage (Chuan, 2007). The core ideas of the T mode are Sell In, Sell Through In (ST) and Sell Out. Sell in Refers to sell Lenovo products to distributors, which means distributors purchase directly from Lenovo (ibid). STI Refers to Lenovo products sales to dealers from distribution store. This does not ean that Lenovo only need to transfer its products from Lenovo store to the distribution store, and it also needs to help distributors to transfer the products from the distribution stores to the stores of the dealer. Sell out refers to help the dealer sale products to consumers, reach the terminal sales. R model is a business model which Lenovo uses to sell its products to enterprises and other large customers on a wholesale basis (ibid). The concept of operation management is to divide different customer values accurately, in order to reduce the cost of selling. The major factors of R model are industry development, customer anagement, and daily operation administration. Industry development is to search for the customer groups; Lenovo has a clear division of the military, government, education, finance, telecommunications, energy, public utilities, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, media, service, and twelve other main industries, to develop a detailed development program with different industry (ibid). Customer management is using RAPD and RFM tools to have a refined management. Daily Operation Administration is used to enhance channel management, using some customers care activities to maintain good interaction etween distributors and customers (ibid). 2. Internal and external analysis of Lenovo Lenovo hopes occupied the international market through global expansion in the nearly tuture. So, an exhaustive internal and external environment analysis can help Lenovo to understand the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. Enterprise business environment analysis can include an internal as competitive environment analysis and an external as macro economy analysis (Henry, 2008). In this report, we will use the Porters five forces model to analyse the internal business environment of Lenovo and analyse the external business environment of Lenovo through the PESTEL model. 2. 1 Porters five forces model for internal analysis 2. 1. 1 Bargaining power of suppliers According to the product and procurement requirements of Lenovo, there are two types of suppliers (Caulfield, 2012). Some suppliers have strong bargaining power in the core components of the computer procurement and there is no substitute for Lenovo. For example, Intel is the worlds largest computer CPU supplier, he can control the supply and price of the computer CPU (ibid). Because Intel has the most dvanced technology and manufacturing processes. Moreover, AMD as another product lines rather than it as a substitute of Intel for the products of computer manufacturers (ibid). There are many suppliers also have the advantage, like WINDOWS, NVIDIA, AMD, AT, Western Digital, etc. However, other suppliers are lack of the bargaining power. These suppliers provide some low-tech accessories, Such as computer case, keyboard, AC adapter, etc. (ibid). Lenovo has a great choice for such suppliers, and a huge purchasing volume. So, the competition between these common suppliers is fierce. 2. 1. Bargaining power of customers There are mainly two categories in Lenovos customers. The one is organization procurement like corporate and government department (Quelch, 2006). Those customers usually have a lot of purchases and often have a standardized tendering procedure. Moreover, Lenovo needs these customers to promote the brand in the international market at this stage. Therefore, these customers have a strong bargaining power. However, although the average consumer is a very large consumer groups, but they are very disperse, coupled with Lenovos online sales model (ibid). In ddition, Lenovos ThinkPad brand has great brand recognition, and has many loyal customers. So, the bargaining power of average consumer is low. 2. 1. 3 Threat of new entrants Computer manufacture is a kind of high capital investment industry, and it requires a lot of development and technical personnel (Biediger, etc, 2005). New entrants may be able to have a lot of capital, but it is difficult to get a lot of development and technical personnel in a short period of time. Moreover, according to those top computer manufacturers like HP, Lenovo, DELL, they are all operations as internationalization. Therefore, the role of brand and channel for the global management is very important. Lenovo spent $12. 5 billion to purchase the PC business of IBM in 2004, and spent seven years to integrate the brand and channel resources (ibid). This illustrates the establishment ot a brand process. So, the threat of new entrant is low. . 1. 4 Threat of substitute products and channel is a long The mainly product of Lenovo is personal computer, its main function include internet, office and entertainment. The use of the computer is irreplaceable in the office area, because the high dependence of people on the computer and office, and o any substitutes can bring the convenience like computer in office areas so far. However, with the popularity of some new Internet access devices, such as TV, Tablet and Mobile phone. These new internet devices were instead more and more proportion of the computer access to the internet. For example, the shipments of iPad were more than any one of the global PC manufacturers quarterly shipments in the fourth quarter of 2011 (Caulfield, 2012). Because these new Internet devices more compact and convenient. For the entertainment, computer also has many threats from substitute products, like PS3, WILL and XBOX. These TV game consoles are powerful substitute for computer games. 2. 1. 5 Competitive rivalry within an industry The competition of computer manufacture includes business servers and consumer market. In the business servers market, HP and DELL are both strong competitors. In the consumer market, Lenovo has more competitors, such as HP, DELL, ASUSTEK, ACER, SONY, etc. These competitors have a different strategy and advantage, the high degree of competition in the computer industry has led to faster product replacement (Gonela, 2009). Competitors have to develop new products to provide ewer and better products for consumers, on the other hand is also working to reduce costs in order to achieve the purpose of price cutting (Handley, 2011). Therefore, Lenovo is in a highly competitive industry. 2. 2 PESTEL model for external analysis 2. 2. political Because of the state-owned background, Lenovo get a lot of policy support in the local market. The Chinese government put forward the plan of the computer to the countryside in 2009 (Savitz, 2011). This is a key policy of expanding domestic demand, and Lenovo has quickly established sales channels and expand sales. In addition, Lenovo has the early advantage on government procurement in China. However, due to the variability of the international political factors, Lenovo needs to be more flexible in the face of a variety of situations in the international market. 2. 2. Economic According to international economy 2012, Smick point out that Slowdown in world economic recovery and global economy will continue to slow growth in the 2012. Developed countries face the pressure of high rate of unemployment; domestic demand is also declining (ibid). This is a chain reaction of macro-economic. However, nvestments maintain high growth in the computer industry, because of the Pressure on the development and upgrade (Quelcn, 2 ) Moreover, due to the impact ot the U. S. subprime mortgage crisis and the debt crisis in Europe, export-oriented emerging economies has been seriously affected (ibid). Then, the appreciation of the RMB has led to the rising cost of Lenovo exports. 2. 2. 3 social Computer industry has a large customer base, especially the local market of Lenovo. The demand of computer is rapid increase in developing countries, such as the number of Internet users has reached 5. 13 billion in China (Caulfield, 2012). Then, the rapid development of network infrastructure in developing countries, and it greatly increases the scope of the use of computers. Moreover, education market, industrial users and rural market are the guarantee of sales. They have a larger demand for product updates (ibid). 2. 2. 4 Technological Electronic products updates very quickly, especially in the computer industry. Computer products need to be constantly developing new products improve product performance and optimize product design (Chuan, 2007). But for the computer manufacturer, some core technology is monopolized by a few companies, such as CPU and operating system (ibid). This led to the upgrade of computer manufacturers can only passively, technologies and products has been a lot of constraints. In addition, the battery is the largest Technological bottlenecks of mobile devices now (ibid). This has seriously affected the experience of the use of electronic devices, but still not a good solution. 2. 2. 5 Environment Recycling of electronic products has been a problem in various countries, because the materials of electronic products contain many toxic substances (Chuan, 2007). Therefore, more and more developed countries were pushing environmental rotection standards for electronic products in recent years (ibid). Those environment protection standards will form powerful barriers to trade for Lenovo. 2. 2. 6 Legal The laws of the computer products is not very sound in the local market, Such as parallel computers, computer quality, battery safety, etc. However, in the international market, most developed countries have a strict law and consumer protection provisions for computer products. Such as Samsung and Apple, they launched a fierce competition on the shape of patent issues in Europe (Caulfield, 2012). The lawsuit brought serious losses to both sides. So, Lenovo need to pay attention to features of the product in different legal environment. 3 Strategic choice of Lenovo 3. 1 Definition of strategic Strategic reter to select some available and reasonable options tor implementation. The strategic analysis and choice is the most significant part of the company (Henry, 2008). 3. 2 Structure for making strategic choice Identifying what options are available is the first step of generally process of strategic selection. The company should fgure out the reasonable options. And the types of the options about products, markets, and services. All the situations which are for instance who should involved in the choice, when will take it to action, and the choice criteria assessment intent should be considered dames, 1986). 3. 3 Options for markets and products This chart shows that the present and new market geography. It is represents the relationship between market need and product in detail (Ansoff, 1965). The first main option is do nothing. It means that the company should stay the original strategy to make sure about their position in the market. For long term considering it is a good way for the company to compete with different kinds of ompetitors. (Ansoff, 1965). The options which are called product development and market development represent about create a new product or satisfy the market. These two are not difficult to understand in the basic level, but they should make specific plans in the practical operation. The other option is diversification. It divides to two types which called related or unrelated as well. Taking a new product into a new market is the object of diversification. People prefer this option because it is very attractive, at the same time it is also challenging and risky (ibid). Whether the new product adapt to the new market, the first situation must be considered is the manger should well know about the market and do lots of research. Then how long the product can keep and the profit of the product should be analyzed. In practical, the manger should according to the different situation select the options wisely. Moreover evaluate those different available options are necessary. . 4 The strategic choice of Lenovo The leader of Lenovo wants to solve the problems in 2001 are: how to maintain the high speed of the companys turnover, in order to achieve the goal which is the urnover reach to 600 billion RMB in 2003; and how to gradually improve the marginal profit ratio and return on asset with the aim of have a better share price performance in capital market, then give the shareholders more payback (Biediger, etc, 2005). These two problems actual ly are the objects of the company. There are also restrictions between two aims: they not only could not expand aimless but also could not over conservation. The turnover of Lenovo group is 272billion HKD during 2000 and 2001 (ibid). Considering the digital china spin-ott, deduct the turnover ot digital china above 80 illion HDK, the turnover of Lenovo is 190billion HKD after adjustment during 2000 to 2001 after the regulation (ibid). It is far away from the object. The capital market put their focus on net profit than operating income. It is said that Dells gross profit rate higher than Lenovos 50% until the end of December in 2001 (ibid). The leader of Lenovo once clearly stated that they will try to keep or even increase the existing gross profit rate. And the truth is Lenovo cannot compete with international competitors in the area of marginal profit ratio and return on asset. The lowest share price of Lenovo in 2001 is 2. HKD, and the highest is 6. 95 HKD. (ibid) But it is very satisfied that in the first quarter of 2002 the share price of Lenovo become 3. -3. 5 HKD 9ibid). The main reason of this situation is the depression of whole IT industry. Hence the turnover of the company decelerated growth and low gross profit. The main product of Lenovo is their private brand PC, while the circumstance of the PC industry is not so good. Especially in 2001 it all appear the trend of decelerated growth both domestic and external market (ibid). According to the report of Dataquest, the global pc shipment is decrease 4. % than previous year, American is worse to 11 . 1%. If the forecast of IDC will be verified, the global shipment will drop to 1. 6%, it will be the first worldwide drop, and American which has the biggest PC market may drop to 13% as well (ibid). At that time most of the PC product of Lenovo will sale in domestic market. The sales growth of international PC market is far away from china, but has the same fierce competition; comparing with the international competitors, it has lots of disadvantages in the area of brand awareness, distribution channel. Not good at cost of manufacture as well. In addition the products going to the international market will investment a lot in the early days. Otherwise short term investment may affect the profit rate. On the other hand, the rates of gross profit of whole global PC manufacture are usually very low except Dell Company. Dell adopt driven by order production system and give up multilevel of agent distribution, pursue directly distribution. So that it is a good way to have a low inventory turnover. It is also a good way to face the market directly to avoid give more profit to agents. Lenovo adopt the way of build to order, nventory turnover days are 30, and also implement multilevel channels of agency distribution (ibid). This pattern impact on the capability of Lenovo improves the gross profit ratio; restrict the investment in large scale of price off promotions, market expansion, media and research development. In such circumstance, in order to realize the high growth object, Lenovo choose the option of diversification. From 2001, it established three professional work areas which are internet, cell phone and IT. Hopefully these three areas could support Lenovos prospect (ibid). 4 Strategy implementation of Lenovo Strategy implementation is the translation of chosen strategy into organizational action so as to achieve strategic goals and objectives. Strategy implementation is also defined as the manner in which an organization should develop, and amalgamate organizational structure, control systems, and culture to tollow strategies that lead to competitive advantage and a better performance. Also, there are key supporting points to achieve successful implementation: Action planning (which means that a clearly schedule of each action steps of a company), organization structure (a ompanys strategy must fit their current structure), human resources (managers should consider about their communication needs), the annual business plan (necessary financial commitment in the planning process), monitoring and control (for instance: changing the schedule, changing the action steps or the objectives) and finally, linkage (to make sure that all of the organizational activities are keep together) (birnhaum, 2009). Lenovo set the goal as the turnover reach to 600 billion RMB and gradually improve the marginal profit ratio and return on asset with the aim of have a better share price erformance in capital market, but until 2004 they did not reach the goals because of lack of experience and clear market position (Xiao, 2009). Lenovos turnover is still around 200 billion RMB in 2004, they lost in every business except computer, and the loss of mobile phone even reached 62 million RMB (ibid). Lenovo think the main reason is that they have been excessive optimistic to the environment. They did not accurately predict the market change. The other reason that made Lenovo lost in the past three years is that they ignored an important competitor- Dell, when Dell first ntered Chinese market, Lenovo keep been in the state of observe instead of take any action, so that Dell occupied domestic market and shake Lenovos position. Lenovo also lost because they did not have enough management ability of diversification business; they did not predict enough of the development to the diversification business strategy. Those reasons not only impacted on supply of new business development, but also impacted on the competitiveness of their core business. Lenovo draw up a new planning based on the failures before. The general aim of the new planning is to focus on current main business. There were three adjustments of this plan; one is that Lenovo should focus on the primary business. Primary business is also the same thing as core business, which means PC and relevant products for Lenovo, for example: laptop, server and external equipment, secondary business is about mobile communication equipment like mobile phone. They paid more attention on core business and key developing business; make sure that resource input is suitable for the importance of business. Old strategies in past two years like IT service and internet products have temporarily been to the third business (Deffree, 2007). The second plan adjustment is change the sale mode to against Dell. Lenovo decide not to keep the mode of distribute sales and introduce straight sales mode. Their new sales mode has been seen as complex marketing mode combine by straight sales and distribute sales. They implementing phone marketing and client marketing (which means straight sales) mode to important clients; enhance channel sales mode to retail clients and small and medium- sized enterprise clients. But channel distribute sales mode is still the most important sales mode of Lenovos IT products, ot sales is still based on channel sales mode (Kotler, 2 Expect the adjustment and innovation of sales strategy, Lenovo also adjust their firm management framework more close to marketing and sales. Because PC is Lenovos main business and important supplier of profits, especially it is easier to entry to the industry now, Lenovo gain a lot of competitors such as 18M, Dell and TCL, which made them, know that they should make a change of their structure and marketing strategy on the PC products. The third adjustment is to be more internationally. Lenovo increase the development and integration of international business to against difficult income situation. Lenovo announced to sell their IT service to Asialnfo which is a Chinese telecommunication software company. This deal is a stock rights replacement trade, so that Lenovo get (which worth 3 billion RMB) stock rights of Asialnfo. After this deal, Lenovo become the biggest shareholder of Asialnfo. After this deal, Asialnfos main business includes two parts: one is the original business, which communication software and professional service; the other one is based on IT service of Lenovo, plus the non telecommunication IT service of Asialnfo (Lenovo, 2004). Lenovos new strategy adjustment is aim to strengthen its own advantages, in the meanwhile overcome threaten of environment. Competition of PC marketing is very fierce; rate of profit is low. But Lenovo has its own advantages like high brand awareness in domestic market, good clients relationship and management experience. Focus on the primary business not only makes Lenovo merger IBMs PC department, but also brings Lenovo many benefits: firstly, makes Lenovo able to achieve a lot of technique of PC; secondly, perish a strong competitor and thirdly, they can develop international market quickly because of IBM (Spooner, 2004). The second adjustment of Lenovo is to change the sales mode, but Lenovo should consider clearly how to divide important clients and less important clients, how to coordinate the price difference between straight sales and distribute sales and also they should consider about implement possibility. Except these specific business strategies, Lenovo should also think about how to improve firm management ability, and gain innovation ability. Outstanding strategy and implementation are based on good management foundation. Although Lenovo can get technical patent by purchase IBMs PC department, a company long-term evelopment is on account of it innovation ability and it is Just the weakness of Lenovo. 5 Conclusions To sum up, the internal and external analysis report of Lenovo. Firstly, Lenovos business model and background has been described. Though Porter five forces model and PESTEL model to analyze the company internal and external environment, and then several strategic choice have been given. Finally, according to all the information mention above to put forward implementations. Through this report, Lenovo strategy management in future has been clearly identified. But it may adjust

Organisation free essay sample

Explanation is the macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions in Sainsbury Macro environmental in Sainsbury Macro miens a large process is a recorded set of instructions. It used to repeat a series of commonly used commands with limited user interaction. Sainsbury’s is the chain of supermarkets in the United  Kingdom. They have a large business market in around hull world. They are very careful their macro environment marketing decisions. There are five environmental factors that influence the marketing decisions and activities i. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. 1. Demographic 2. Economic 3. Natural 4. Technological 5. Political 6. Cultural It’s all direction influence macro marketing process in Sainsbury. It’s a huge qualities marketing process in their brand. Micro environmental in Sainsbury Micro miens small, It can be used to indicate a smaller than average scale in business. However Sainsbury have a big marketing places they mention also some micro influence marketing decisions. There are six environmental factors that influence the marketing decisions and activities i. e. 1. The company 2. Suppliers 3. Marketing intermediaries 4. Competitors 5. Public 6. Customers. It’s all direction is very imported for a business peaces micro marketing sector. The Sainsbury Propose segmentation and criteria to be used for products in different mark The Sainsbury Market segmentation is very organising. In billow we can identify three different products market segments on Sainsbury. Sainsburys Basics Baked Beans in Tomato Sauce Baked Beans in sweet tomato sauce a very famous product in Sainsbury. It’s so chip pricing product for them and its market segment also large. Its lows price in that year is 25p. Sainsburys Basics 2% Fat Natural Yogurt Sainsbury natural yogurt is very popular for her market segments because it’s Just yogurt, nothing else added Less than 2% fat Sainsburys British Semi Skimmed Milk Sainsbury’s semi skimmed milk market segment is first-class because its British fresh pasteurised semi skimmed milk. Sainsbury have some won launchings product and there are Propose her that goods segmentation very Wally. Sainsbury’s also criteria her products in different mark. The Sainsbury targeting strategy for a selected product Sainsburys Basics 2% Fat Natural Yogurt is very popular her market segment but their try to more improved her yogurt. Sainsbury have some targeting strategy plant for their yogurts such as†¦ 1. Improved the yogurt qualities. 2. Lounces different types test and flabbier yogurt. 3. Try to give this more chip prices. 4. Low fat innovation 5. Improved yogurt protein places. 6. Follows customer needs. 7. Trying to be attractive the yogurt packaging process. 8. Follows others competitors yogurt quality. Strawberry. These yogurts have 0% fat and they are healthy for you too as they contain real fruit and live bacteria cultures. Activia yogurts are known for their health benefits as they contain a special probiotic called Bifidus ActiRegularis that aids digestion. It’s not only about digesting the yogurt as you’re eating it, it’s about improving and maintaining your digestive health over a period of time. As with all probiotics, it has most effect when eaten regularly, as it helps to regulate your natural digestive responses and intestinal health over a period of time. Eating yogurt with digestive benefits will not automatically cure all your tummy troubles and just because it’s fat free does not mean that it is a weight loss aid. However, it will help to improve your intestinal and digestive functions over a period of time and eating fat free yogurt is a great snack if you are watching your weight as it’s full of fruit and goodness without the fat content and high calorie count. So why not combine the two benefits and enjoy a great tasting yogurt at the same time? Contains real fruit, sugar and sweeteners. lessSainsbury active yogurt assortment is one of the most popular assortments according to their Supermarket. Demonstrate how buyer behaviour affects marketing activities in different buying situations in Sainsbury: Different buying behaviors should be recognized in a marketing plan. Buying behavior’ is made up of the internal and external factors that explain why consumers buy and use certain products or services. This type of behavior can affect the marketing that a business employs to promote its products, and when this behavior is analyses, it can guide a business toward better marketing strategies and methods that it might not have originally used. However Sainsbury a big supermarket in that rejoins their all time negotiation vireos type’s of customer and some time their face problem for some buyer behavior. In billow show some example, how buyer behavior affects Sainsbury marketing activities. Cultural: Sainsbury British shops for that rejoin there have not available halal food, in this fact some time Sainsbury faces some buyer’s behaviour problems in hear. * Economic: If someone hasn’t got much money, they’ll buy Sainsbury value range * Environmental and ethical: some time concerned about the third world might buy Fair-trade coffee * Personal: someone like sweet food and someone spice food, in that types of personal behaviour some time create problem. It’s also one kind of buyer’s behaviour problems. * Physiological: some consumers want latest produces, some time it does create buyer’s behaviour problems. Social: Propose new positioning for a selected product/service in Sainsbury Supermall Sainsbury Supermarkets have big market position. They also third largest chain of supermarket in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury sails all types of products such as, food, cookeries, medicine, cloth, jewelers, electronic product, cosmetics, baby food, furniture, books, etc. Sainsbury also have some owns lunching products. In billow we explain the competitive advantage of Sainsbury’s lounges Packaging juices and how its gai ned by reposition or what is that new position and benefits results. Sainsbury packaging juices Sainsbury packaging juices is very popular for their market places. The supermarkets is very competitive places, all time we see various types of product in that place for that rejoin every companies try to change her product regularly. In recent time Sainsbury change her juices nutrition qualities and packaging style because of her competition in market places and this packaging change gate a big advantage of Sainsbury’s. Lest year Sainsbury got Packaging Awards in supermarket places and also gain customers seaports. Sainsbury‘s packaging juices now number one position in market places. It’s a great result for them. Sainsbury also got big profit for her juices product. Sainsbury’s first competitor is Tesco and Sainsbury always try to be batter for Tesco. In that rejoin Sainsbury try to improve her product and it’s a big benefiter thing for Sainsbury. | | So, we can say that Sainsbury invention is great like they say it is, and they choose to represent them and them monitoring their results in marketing strategy ways.

Designation Report on Central Commerce Collegiate Institute

Designation Report on Central Commerce Collegiate Institute Original and Present Use: So far, the building was initially called a school of business and commerce. At the current moment, Central Commerce Collegiate is a public school situated in Palmerston-Little Italy, Toronto, Ontario. In the course of development, it has transformed into a composite school (Central Commerce Collegiate Institute n. p.).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Designation Report on Central Commerce Collegiate Institute specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Architectural Quality and Description Exterior: Materials The columns of the Central Commence Collegiate are made of stone blocks and the walls and facades are made up of brown bricks. The windows are framed with white decoration. The doors are decorated with glass lights. Above the doors, there are windows with balcony and windows with four-two lights. The columns are also outfit with widows at the second and third floors. Features: The project is a t hree story construction with masonry walls designed in the neoclassical style. The building is symmetrically balanced; widows and doors are of monumental proportions. All windows have simple molded frames with lintels. This style became quite popular in the end of the 19th century. Front windows are constructed in groups of three with six-over-two wood sashes. The entrant door is decorated with carved stone; it has six-over-six lights and with surmounted molded hood. The wings and the center portion have three quoins that are made of brick. The wings at identical sides of the construction are three bays wide that initially had three double-hung wood windows. In general, the construction has not changed, except for few interior and exterior details. In particular, as it is the example of 19th century architecture, the air conditioning system has been installed recently. Nevertheless, the entire building preserved its original, historic appearance. Interior Materials: The interior cha racteristics of the building are typical for the architectural style – terrazzo made up of concrete floors and ceilings finished with plaster. The interior doors opening are finished with wood doors and glass lights. The inside windows are operable and, therefore, it is quite convenient for teachers to control air temperature and ventilation. The central air-conditioning system is installed in the main corridors of the collegiate. There rooms are finished with acoustic tiles at the ceilings, below the interior doors and upper portions of window frames. Features: A three story building is composed of three floors; the first one contains the lunchroom and classrooms. At the second floor, classrooms, auditoriums with library, offices, and the exhibit space are located. Entrances to the classrooms are situated at the third floor (Central Commerce CI n. p.)Advertising Looking for report on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The crawl space and partial basement stretches under the historic construction. In the building, there are a lot of unique interior features that had remained in the school after the World War second. In this regard, Central Commerce Collegiate can be considered as valuable historical construction performing the function of local amenity. Description Room functions The classrooms at the first and the second floors are destined for conducting lectures and lessons. The offices at the second floor are occupied by teachers and professors. The library located at the second floor can be used both by instructors and students. This is also the place where students can conduct their researchers and prepare for their examinations. The exhibit space is destined for organizing various presentations and official meeting on special occasions. The classrooms can also be occupied by students and teachers for independent learning and research. Planning The room planning is organ ized in a relevant way, but there are still some lapses in function allocation. In particular, there should be a strict distribution of floor on the studying sections and reading sections. The offices, classrooms, and libraries are located at the same floor is not beneficial for the learning process and it would be more appropriate the divide functional zones more accurately. Architectural Styles Characteristics Exterior and interior design belong to Neoclassical Architecture, which quite reminiscent of Late Baroque architecture. Hence, it primarily highlights planar qualities, but not sculptural volumes. The light and shade effects as well as projections and recessions are flatter; sculptural bas-reliefs are enclosed in tablets, friezes, or panels. As a proof, the elements of building design also have features of the Georgian style and the Federal style architecture. It is worth saying that the architecture project is also a combination of neoclassical elements and Collegiate Gothi c architecture. The Gothic elements are presented in the construction of front columns and stone cladding. Features The architectural project personifies rationalistic orientation in construction. Strict lines, symmetric forms, and classic columns reminding of Roman ancient times are the main features of neoclassicism. All forms and are simple and relief decoration is traditionally focused on the roof edges. Therefore, the building can be considered as a traditional architecture (Hopkins 120). More importantly, Central Commerce Collegiate fits the practical requirements of educational establishment and provides the construction with character that presupposes its utilitarian purpose. One of the practical features of the building is using a three-storey structure that was often used in the Canadian architecture (Carr 80).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Designation Report on Central Commerce Collegiate Institute specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More Site Considerations Contexts and Relationships: The site is located not far from Fred Hamilton Park and Bickford Park. The entire area is surrounded by household and, therefore, the school has a beneficial condition in terms of destination and location. Located between Montrose Avenu and Roxton Road, the construction is located in the residential area. Central Commerce Collegiate Institute is an important example of vernacular architecture. Traditionally, such buildings were constructed along with the development of neighboring sites. Landscaping The site is located on a flat plateau in the central part of Toronto. It maintains its original topography. A large front lawn faces Montrose Ave and it is covered with grass. The building is surrounded by large trees that are located behind the school and it is located not far from housing district. Historical Considerations Background: Since its foundation in 1916, the Central Commerce Collegiate Institute wa s initially constructed as a business school. Therefore, all facilities and building design were initially destined for the learning process. Quality: At the present moment, the construction serves as an educational establishing providing various academic courses and programs. State of the Building Exterior Fabric Condition The exterior fabric conditions of the building are almost perfect. The excellent conditions are predetermined by the building materials used in construction. Specifically, the utilization of brick and stone blocks ensure great durability of the building. However, the problem is that is impossible to assess the quality of brick with regard to its due date. The stone blocks are mostly presented as the building foundations. They also serve as the basic material in constructing the front columns. Interior Fabric Condition Interior fabric conditions were subjected to more serious alterations. Due to the constantly developing informational technologies, the interior sh ould be constructed and equipped in accordance with the existing standards. In this regard, the Institute has a computer class at the second floor that should be better ventilated than others. Structural Stability Due to the fact that the building was constructed in the half of the twentieth century, the structural stability is quite high due to its mass structure. Stone blocks and brick ensure the construction with good structural stability characteristics. Being presented in a traditional style that is far from modern construction the building has good characteristics for over a century.Advertising Looking for report on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recommendations Analyzing the data, the report has revealed that the building has a stable structure. The location and landscape are also congruent with the functions affiliated with the construction. In addition, a combination of Neoclassical and Gothic elements perfectly suits the practical utilization of the building and corresponds to the prevailing trend in the Canadian architecture. However, the building should be always monitored and evaluated to ensure that all structural component and durability of materials correspond to the existing standards. Car, Angela. Toronto Architect Burke: Redefining Canadian Architecture. US: McGill-Queen’s Press, 1995. Print. Central Commerce CI. Searching Toronto.com. Web. Central Commerce Collegiate Institute. Toronto District School Board. Web. Hopkins, George D. Creating Your Architectural Style. US: Pelican Publishing, 2009.

Criminal Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Theories - Essay Example The difficulty in committing the crime also counts, as well as whether the rewards are worth the effort and even the best place to commit the crime, within his neighborhood or elsewhere. If the risks perceived are small, the rewards and excitement high, the criminal gains the likelihood of committing the crime again. On the other hand, if the risks outweigh the rewards, the offender foregoes the crime: if they have a good chance of apprehension, the fear of punishment or consequences, damage to their reputation and feelings of guilt or shame (Cole, Smith and DeJong 64). Other evaluations include familiarity with the target and how easy it is to commit the crime. In this theory, the criminal uses opportunistic everyday routines that involve the family such as shopping, work, leisure, and schooling. These, together with factors such as lack of a guardian, the presence of a target and the motivated criminal are the context for criminal opportunities (Siegel 71). The guardian’s presence would deter potential offenders from committing the crime for instance door staff, security guards, police patrols, neighbors, and friends. The target should be accessible and may include an expensive car, goods that can be easily moved or expensive jewelry, while the offender may be an addict, teenage boys or unemployed people. These three elements must be present within a routine activity for crime to take place (Schmalleger 182). For instance, many homes are left unguarded during the day, making them targets of crime. The possibility of a crime being committed by the motivated offender increases when there are an accessible target and the absence of a c apable guardian.

Consumer behavious - B2C and B2B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer behavious - B2C and B2B - Essay Example This paper therefore, shall be focussed on the identification and evaluation of the various dimensions of consumer behaviour and consumer decision making process based on the differences between the B2B and the B2C buying behaviour. Moreover, the paper shall also aim at providing few real life illustrations to demonstrate the major differences between the consumer behaviour in B2B and B2C markets. The paper shall also look into the buying process in the B2C markets. Differences between the Buyer Characteristics of B2B and B2C Customers According to most of the authors, researchers and marketers, the buying behaviour of consumers differs vastly in terms of B2B and B2C markets. The differences can be identified on the ground of various features related to the overall buying behaviour of the targeted customer group. To be precise, the buying behaviour of B2B and B2C consumers largely differs in terms of market structure, buying unit, kind of purchase, nature of the buying process and co mmunication (Dave, 2008). B2B Consumer B2C Consumer Market Structure: The structure of a market refers to the buying capacity of the targeted customers. ... prefer buying in units Kind of Purchase: This particular attribute of the buying behaviour of the targeted customers refers to the reason of purchase. Business or industrial consumers purchase goods or services in order to satisfy their business needs rather than their personal needs In the case of individual customers the reason to purchase a good or service is to satisfy their personal needs or family needs (Pearsoned, 2006) Nature of the Buying Process: The buying decisions of the customers are also considered to be different in the case of a B2B customer and a B2C customer. The buying process is highly formalised and therefore faces major inconvenience as a result of supply failure The buying process is comparatively less formalised and thus creates a minimal amount of inconvenience in the failure of the supply (Pearsoned, 2006) Communication: Communication is the factor which assists the marketer to create an impulse on the targeted customers. In the case of corporate buyers, th e impulse of personal selling is greater than mass media communication In case of the B2C customers, the influence of mass media tends to be much more effective than personal selling (Pearsoned, 2006) Other than these differences the buying behaviour of B2B and B2C customer also varies from several other influences such as the macro and micro environmental fluctuations. For instance, the buying behaviour of a B2B customer in an FMCG company is highly influenced by the fluctuations of the company’s financial stability or other economic trends. Contradictorily, the buying behaviour of a B2C customer does not directly get influenced by the ups and downs of the micro-environment (Barschel, 2007). The differences in the B2B and the B2C consumer buying behaviour can be again identified in the

Influence of HK movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Influence of HK movies - Essay Example Therefore, it should be claimed that Hong Kong movie genres has combined centennial values of Chinese nation and transferred them to the contemporaries in an â€Å"easy-going† and comprehensible manner. Key words: kung fu movie, gangster movie, comedy/action comedy movie. Introduction Hong Kong cinematograph is often compared and contrasted to Hollywood cinematograph. Still, there is a need to claim that the importance of movies produced in Hong Kong is in their uniqueness. Such genres as kung fu movie, gangster movie and action comedy and comedy movie are discussed in the paper further on. The most important integrative components of Hong Kong movies are: following Chinese traditions, interpreting centennial arts of combat to the contemporaries and inspiring them with patriotism, brevity and a power of a spirit and providing modern Eastern and Western families with a perfect opportunity to spend their evening while watching movies of Hong Kong cinematograph. This is a zestful cocktail of Hong Kong cinematograph. Moreover, it should be noted that every genre has contributed a lot to the Eastern and Western audiences. ... The main idea relevant to contemporary researchers should be focused on the central importance of Chinese philosophy, spiritual heritage of the Eastern world and the way these issues are interpreted in the modern Hong Kong cinematograph. Hong Kong Action Comedy Movie Hong Kong action comedy movies are, supposedly, the most important products of Hong Kong cinematograph. There are three basic components in these films that are so much attracting to the audience. Firstly, these films comply with Chinese traditions; secondly, these films follow the best traditions of Hollywood action films and thirdly, these films border with transculutral imagination of the audience about â€Å"good† cinematograph. There is much deeper sense beyond action comedy genre than the audience can think. There is much more philosophical background beyond the play of handsome Ekin Cheng and Nicholas Tse. Whether digital effects are used or not, a good spirit of humor and positivism is present in action co medy movie of Hong Kong in any case (Yau, 2001). It is especially important to discuss the important role these films play for Hong Kong people and Westerners nowadays. This can be explained by overall tendencies of globalization. Different national and cultural borders are being blurred and there is a need to create such kind of a cultural product that would be appealing for representative of any nation (Ma, 1999). There were different stages in the development of comedy movie in Hong Kong. At first, politicians criticized spiritual load of the films; in 70s death of Bruce Lee (Baker, 2008) set different accents in this type of films. 80s was a period of Jackie Chan upheaval and the genre of

According to Raz, the sources thesis is essential

According to Raz, the sources thesis is essential According to Raz, the sources thesis is essential to the authority of law. Does it follow from his account that authority is at heart a matter of power (as a sceptic would maintain) rather than a rational virtue? Can Raz avoid this conclusion and remain a positivist? It is contended that Raz and his articulation of legal positivism remains intact after careful analysis, if somewhat buffeted by the arguments inherent in the question as posed. To fully appreciate the concept of authority as Raz develops it, one must first consider how Raz has defined the sources thesis and its relationship to the authority of law. The source thesis as developed by Raz is the culmination of his logical progression in the development of a flexible and comprehensive tool to define legal positivism. Raz fashions a three headed thesis comprised of social, moral and semantic components, of which the social thesis is the most important.[1] Raz emphatically states that what the law is and what it is not is a social fact –his corollary proposition is that a rule is only a legal rule if it meets a social condition.[2] Raz proceeded in his analysis to articulate how the social thesis becomes a cornerstone for the justification of law as a social institution, a concept tightly allied by Raz to three elements that determine the true existence of such systems – efficacy, institutional character and the source of law. In this context, Raz elevates the source thesis to one of both complexity and prominence. It is submitted that Raz in his definition of both efficacy and institutional character as separate tests that identify the existence of a legal system, in fact renders them as sub-compartments of his source thesis. Raz is certain that the source thesis, an acknowledgement that all law is fully determined by its social sources, is the most important element of a legal system.[3] He defines his social sources as including any extraneous 'interpretative sources'[4] that may exist in a society. Raz stipulates that a law has a source if its contents and existence can be determined without resort to moral arguments. Raz thus includes both legislation and a wide range of societal facts as defining the law and its authority. The Raz definition of law as an aggregation of community and societal custom, habits, and shared perspectives is a far cry from the seminal Austin concepts of legal positivism, ones centred upon the notion of a irrefutable ‘sovereign power’ that promulgates law as a command that is reciprocally enforced by sanction, all crisply delineated from any moral considerations.[5] In contrast, it is plain that Raz perceives the authority of the law in less stark and more indirect terms than Austin would have accepted. The source thesis as posited by Raz has two functions. The first is its utility in categorising and systemising the interconnected aspects of law (a purpose that all legal positivists from Austin onwards would endorse). The second function is to provide publicly ascertainable standards that are binding upon society.[6] The state power as contemplated by Raz to achieve these legal societal purposes is held in a collective sense by the community; there is no supreme and authoritative sovereign lawgiver in the Raz model. However, it is equally plain that Raz does not attribute ‘rational virtue’ to his concept of authority. By definition, virtue is a moral consideration and therefore one that Raz and positivists generally would not permit to enter the authority equation. On the subject of unvirtuous law, Raz suggested that ‘†¦Even a bad law, as the inevitable official doctrine, should be obeyed for as long as it is in force, while lawful action is taken to try and bring about its amendment or repeal’. It is submitted that this perspective internalizes authority to within the society, consistent with Raz’ thesis that law is fully determined from social sources.[7] Raz considers the question of power in relation to law in another sense that bears upon the present question. Raz has stated in a number of his works that consistent with the source based notion of all law, the authority to create or administer the law must be either legitimate or de facto.[8] The use of the term ‘authority’ has a strong power connotation; legal systems may only claim legitimacy through an implicit or express assertion that the system possesses the power to maintain such authority. The power to adjudicate legal issues and to the ability to maintain regulatory and enforcement systems places the legal system in a position of supremacy within a society, but it is a supremacy derived from societal forces and desires and not a sovereign influence in the Austinian positivist sense. It is submitted that in the Raz interpretation of the institutional character of the law, the legitimate legal system will inevitably reflect the social fact of the society. In this fashion Raz closes a philosophical loop in his conclusion that ‘†¦conformity to moral values or ideals is in no way a condition for anything being a law or legally binding. Hence, the law's conformity to moral values and ideals is not necessary[9]. It is this proposition that cements the Raz position as one within the positivist camp. Bibliography George, Robert P., (ed.) The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) George, Robert P. What Is Law? A Century of Arguments. First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life Apr. 2001:23 Raz, Joseph. Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics (Revised ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) Raz, Joseph. Practical Reasons and Norms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979) Raz, Joseph. The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979) Footnotes [1] The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979), 37; see also Practical Reasons and Norms (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002), 161, 162 ibid, 40 [2] ibid, 43-46 4 ibid, 47 [3]5 Austin, John. The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (New York: B. Franklin, 1970), 6 Raz, 51 [4] [5]5 Austin, John. The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (New York: B. Franklin, 1970), 6 Raz, 51 7Joseph Raz, Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics, Revised ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) [6] [7] [8] Ethics, 216 [9] Ethics, 217

Some Factors That Lead to Success in College

Several factors contribute to school success. A person's experience with education early in life has a great influence on school success later on. It is vital that infants and toddlers have access to quality education from day one. The socioeconomic status in which one is raised has an immense effect on school success. Wealthier children have access to greater, high-quality facilities and resources while poorer children often lack the basic necessities such as proper nutrition and quality education. It is important to note that each child also contributes their own contributions to their success in school. There are cases of people who rose out of extreme poverty to achieve great academic success. Exceptional Teachers Exceptional teachers provide students with maximum encouragement, motivation, challenges and belief in themselves. Teachers who believe their students are capable of the classwork help create a self-fulfilling prophecy. The student will begin to hold the same belief of themselves and act on it. It is therefore vital that teachers, parents and caregivers send the right message to students. Students need to know that their teachers, parents and caregivers believe in them and that they are capable of academic success. Exceptional teachers create a classroom culture of high expectations. They do not hold preconceived notions about particular students but believe that all of their students are capable of reaching academic success. Parental Involvement Parental involvement is extremely important to a students academic success. Children spend most of their time at home and the environment a student comes from determines their start of academic success. If a student's home is rich in books, that early exposure to literacy will usually mean a student starts reading early. Parents who are actively involved in their children's education ensure that their children are doing their homework. They also encourage their children to perform well in school and speak to them about the importance of receiving an education. When parents show an interest in their children's education this in turn sparks an interest in their children to learn. Self-Motivation Intrinsic motivation or self-motivation is another important element leading to school success. Self-motivation assumes that we are all born with the capability to learn and that learning can be an enjoyable process. Students who are self-motivated have disciplined themselves to concentrate on a task for the mere result of learning and mastering the needed skill. Students become self-motivated for many reasons. For some being self-motivated to achieve academic success will help them rise out of poverty, for others it will allow them to get into a specific college or receive an academic scholarship. Students who have a high self-esteem have a strong sense of self-motivation as they believe they are capable of academic success. Nutrition Students who eat breakfast regularly perform better academically than those who do not. Poor nutrition can have consequences such as cavities, obesity, weak bones and teeth, as well as delayed sexual maturity. Poor nutrition is defined as not eating the recommended daily servings of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Parents and teachers need to play close attention to the types of foods children eat as lack of vitamins can have severe consequences. Hobbies Self-esteem and social skills can be taught simply by encouraging students to take part in a hobby. By encouraging students to take part in a hobby builds competence in a certain skill. A hobby also allows students to build a sense of identity. Hobbies also keep a student from becoming bored. Hobbies also leave room for students to receive praises for their achievements. Read more: Factors That Lead to School Success | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/about_5387053_factors-lead-school-success. html#ixzz1Uc85N1gw

Despite ongoing changes in society, sexism still remains a burning issue

â€Å"Discriminating in favour of members in one sex; assuming a person's abilities and social function are predetermined by his or her sex.† – Definition of sexism taken from the Oxford English Dictionary. Sexism today is everywhere. Our society is extremely sexist. â€Å"1, an organized community; a system of living in this. 2; people of the higher social classes. 3; company, companionship. 4; a group organized for a common purpose.†(also taken from the Oxford English Dictionary), the definition of society, meaning simply states the society as it would be as if it is ideal, but it is far from it if we looked at it from a gender researchers point of view. Times are changing; our society is not as stereotypical as it has been in the past. There have been many changes in society to reduce sexism. In 1918 women finally won the right to vote after fifty-two years of campaigning. In the end women had to resort to methods of violence just to fight for the same rights as men. â€Å"In Victorian times writers (mostly men) were fascinated by the idea of an ideal woman. She was a very desirable creature innocent but sensual, passive but alert, and always obedient to men. Her aim in life was to be a patient and attentive wife, a loving and affectionate mother. Family was everything to her.† (taken from Hodder English 4, Victorian Women.) This shows us just how narrow minded the society was back in Victorian times. Also women's achievements in history are not publicised as much as men's if atall; they are now, but not as much as they should do In the English language there are lots of sexist words, for example the word ‘history'. This word ‘history' implies that all of the past is to do with men and not women. ‘Human' is also a sexist word and so is ‘woman', both of those words contain ‘man'. Here is a list of some sexist words in the English language: ‘human', ‘history', ‘woman', ‘mankind', ‘Walkman'. As we can see the English language is very ‘man' dominated. When people talk of God, ‘He' is wrote about and not ‘She' or ‘It'. ‘He' is always referred to as a male. The Bible itself is sexist, â€Å"And God said, let us make MAN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . With women appearing as â€Å"an helpmeet†. All the sexism in language which is used to offend the same sex is of an opposing sex nature. For example men call other men ‘girls' if they are not as capable as they are in something, for example sports. There is a video about sexism and at the beginning of it the words ‘girls don't swear' came up in big bold lettering, which is clearly not true, society thinks females cannot be as grotesque as men but obviously they can. It seems to be acceptable for men to swear but if a women does it, she is sinned upon. On television programs which have swearing contained in them, mostly all of it is scripted to the males, and the women do not have hardly any swearing scripted to them. It also seems that women are not treated with as much respect as men are. If a woman is blonde they are thought to be ‘dumb', whereas a blonde man would not even be thought to be ‘dumb'. In the past women were not even entitled to the right to a free education, this changed in the middle of the nineteenth century, but black women were not entitled to a free education until the middle of the twentieth century. This shows us that women did not have as much respect as men and that still carries on today, but not as severely. Women are thought to stay at home and cook while the husband is at work. This is changing now partly because there is a considerable amount of male chefs on television. Young girls are thought to be very delicate, and are described as food, whereas young boys are thought to be rough and dirty and are described as animals: Girls â€Å"Sugar and spice and all things nice, thats what little girls are made of!† Boys â€Å"Slugs and snails and puppy dog's tails, that's what little boys are made of!† Clearly whoever wrote these little sayings had a very narrow mind, and the time in society in which these were wrote was very narrow-minded. When women are described as food they are described as sweet foods such as; crumpets and honey. When women are described as animals they are described as animals which are thought as to be ugly and medalling: cow, minx, dog. Men are never described as food, but they are described as animals which are thought to be dirty and slimy: slugs, snails. Men are very rarely described as sexuality but women are quite commonly. Some of the words which describe women as sexuality are: ‘tramp', ‘dyke', ‘lesbian', ‘slag', ‘tit', ‘slut', ‘whore', ‘hooker'. There are no words that describe men as sexuality, but it offends men to be called a ‘woman'. This implies that women are thought to be considerably weaker than men. Even middle-aged men call each other ‘little girls' if they are not as strong as another, for example. You cannot call a man the same names as a woman can be called e.g. ‘slag' which is very sexist. Men brag, gender is about power. Many people think when baby boys play with cars and when baby girls play with dolls it is nature. It could be nature but most things which are input into babies are from their parents, so it is most likely to be nurture. Also with babies it is expected that boys where blue and girls wear pink, if a boy wears pink people automatically think it is a girl and visa versa, it just shows how predigest our society is. The same applies for older males and females. Girls can wear trousers but boys cannot wear skirts, that is extremely sexist. Children's books mainly aim themselves at the different genders simply by their titles. ‘Ms Muffet' is â€Å"supposed† to be for girls, and ‘Fireman Sam' is â€Å"supposed† to be for boys. The media is extremely sexist, first of all starting with newspapers. At the beginning of every issue of â€Å"The Sun†, there is a half naked woman. Never a man, always a woman. Also the whole newspaper is aimed at men, the newspaper concentrates on women, and male dominated sport. Women's sport is never publicised on television, radio or in the newspaper. This could be because, it does not have an interest in people's lives. Newspaper articles are sexist in many ways, and in mostly all the newspapers which are sold. An article in ‘The Daily Mail' publicised on Thursday, February, 24th, 2000, was about women making men redundant i.e. women working instead of staying at home doing housework. The article also comments on how men are taking women's roles', â€Å"Everywhere we look these days, we see the complete feminisation of men.† The ‘Daily Star' newspaper is also aimed at men. It has countless pictures of women (clothed and un-clothed), male dominated sports and adverts for men's magazines. In one particular issue, (Saturday, September, 28, 2002), there was an article supposed to be about a golfer, but was mostly about his girlfriend, â€Å"Tiger Woods' gorgeous girlfriend Ellin Nordegren.† Another article in ‘The Evening Echo' publicised Wednesday, February, 2nd, 2002, was about a woman who worked in a post office who had to battle just for the right to wear trousers, â€Å"they can wear trousers and will not now be facing a disciplinary hearing.† This quote shows just how sexist our society is, women having to battle just to wear trousers. On television there are mostly male newsreaders though sometimes on the odd occasion there might be a man and a woman reading it together. The news on television, again only reports on male dominated sports with a female presenter, which shows who the sports are aimed at. I think our society is extremely sexist, but it is getting better, we have moved on very far since the Victorian times. But some people live their lives in the past and are a lot more sexist than others.

Should students really have homework

Should students really have homework The question of whether students should have homework is not new. With more and more kids and their parents stating that they have almost no time to live because of homework children get at school, educators started wondering whether giving them homework is really such a good idea. Homework assigned at schools  are standing in the way of spending good quality time with family and friends since children have to dedicate hours to various homework assignments every day. They are here for a good cause. Schools want kids to study at home because learning on their own with no teachers or peers distracting them is the best way of learning. Quality education is all about proper organizational skills that help the student sit down and conduct a profound academic research, prepare for school debates, complete  homework assignments that require tackling long reads every day, and so much more. It’s tiring, yet vital to the education of each child. To give you a better idea of both sides of a discussion around homework and tons of work children (and often their parents) deal with at home, we have prepared a list of arguments supporters of both sides to provide these days. So, arm yourself with patience and be ready to read them all before you decide on the side to support - children who want to unload some homework assigned, or teachers willing to offer them the highest level of education possible with home learning and parents’ support. ORDER MY HOMEWORK HERE 5 Reasons Why Homework is Good We know at least five reasons why homework isn’t necessarily a bad guy, and how homework assigned to be completed by kids at home are actually a good thing. Try to be impartial when reading them to really understand why working at home makes sense, what an incredible opportunity to obtain a proper education, other numerous benefits such assignments bring. Homework helps kids and teachers collaborate. Once assignments and tests from schools are completed at home, kids and their educators can discuss the results, search for proper solutions to problems they have along the way. Schools offering homework have a chance for a better communication inside the classroom. Tasks assigned to kids make families closer. Whenever a child feels lost or insecure about a homework task he completed, he goes to his parents or older siblings for a piece of advice. As a result, families might end up spending hours solving problems, looking for creative math solutions to a vast amount tasks, polishing analytical thinking skills, having fun together. Practice makes perfect. Writing or any other homework tasks assigned to students really help students prepare for obtaining a higher education degree at university. In fact, the more time a kid spends polishing his skills, the higher his chances are to enter the University of his dream or later land the work he always wanted to. Homework  makes students more responsible. Knowing that each homework assignment has a deadline one cannot postpone makes students more responsible; it trains their willpower, an ability to plan their time for academic activities, lessons up front. Families, friends, schools can all contribute to children’s development in this area; with such an amount of support, growing is much easier. It helps parents keep track of their kids’ performance. Seeing what kids are assigned to do at home, gives families a sense of the education level of their small ones (no matter what their age is); in fact, spend a couple of minutes looking at your child’s homework to find out weak areas. Identify problems, see their achievements, or offer help - it’s all possible after you check your child’s homework. ASK FOR PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE Negative Effects of Having Homework. Not all agree that homework after seven hours at school is such a good idea after all. If you’re on the fence regarding this fact, read our full list of reasons that support the idea that kids should rest at home, have some free time, instead of working long hours of struggling with the homework academic tasks. It is stressful. Extra loads of work that students are assigned to do at home have a negative effect on younger generation that has to spend hours dealing with math problems instead of resting. This extra stress level can harm their health, lead to lack of enthusiasm for education, rise a huge debate among teachers, parents over the usefulness of such an approach. It deprives them of social life. Having to work a lot (even at nights!) at home means that a student has fewer opportunities to socialize which can lead to poor communication skills in the future and children becoming reserved. No wonder young people don’t want to do  homework but use any chance to get out for a walk with friends. Children lose interest. Lots of homework put much pressure on young minds; this pressure only makes them lose interest and become less effective in their work. They need time to switch focus, explore the world, engage in other activities or else they’ll be ineffective at school/university. It’ll lead to academic burnout. Homework takes long hours, not minutes which after a day at school feel like a heavy burden. Students already are tired, sleepy, and tremendous homework tasks will only wearier each day and cause complete burnout. They’re not effective.  Homework is less effective because mostly pupils ask their siblings, parents, or tutors to do them instead. In  classroom explained by a teacher, tasks make way more sense than at home where they are often done just to be done and forgotten right after submission. A student may stay receiving higher grades for assignment done at school with a teacher. As you see there are two sides to this issue. Supporters of the first emphasize necessity of self-education while others believe too many homework can harm one’s health, deprive of social life, or have a child burn out completely. It’s up to you which side to take but make your decision wisely after studying both sides’ arguments carefully and impartially. You may always rely on professional writers and order your homework here.

Free Essays on Controversy Of Tracking

The Controversy of Tracking The idea of â€Å"tracking† came about in the beginning of the 20th century, and has been surrounded by much controversy. According to James Rosenbaum, â€Å"tracking refers to any practice which creates homogeneous classed stratified on the basis of achievement or career goals. The aim of homogeneity is to allow instruction to address the achievement level (or interests) of students more closely than would be possible if students were highly diverse†. There are many different types of tracking in different grades ranging from kindergarten to secondary education. Examples of tracking according to author Steven Brint, there are groupings according to ability in primary schools (reading groups), there are vocational, general education, and college prep courses in middle school and high school and there are basic and honors courses available at most high schools. There are many different views on whether tracking is a positive advantage in the schooling structures or that it is a negative disadvantage that needs to be reversed. . Society is hierarchical, as explained by Oakes, and tracking gives every student a different knowledge, so this leads the students to continue supporting the hierarchical society today (Oakes, p.75).... Free Essays on Controversy Of Tracking Free Essays on Controversy Of Tracking The Controversy of Tracking The idea of â€Å"tracking† came about in the beginning of the 20th century, and has been surrounded by much controversy. According to James Rosenbaum, â€Å"tracking refers to any practice which creates homogeneous classed stratified on the basis of achievement or career goals. The aim of homogeneity is to allow instruction to address the achievement level (or interests) of students more closely than would be possible if students were highly diverse†. There are many different types of tracking in different grades ranging from kindergarten to secondary education. Examples of tracking according to author Steven Brint, there are groupings according to ability in primary schools (reading groups), there are vocational, general education, and college prep courses in middle school and high school and there are basic and honors courses available at most high schools. There are many different views on whether tracking is a positive advantage in the schooling structures or that it is a negative disadvantage that needs to be reversed. . Society is hierarchical, as explained by Oakes, and tracking gives every student a different knowledge, so this leads the students to continue supporting the hierarchical society today (Oakes, p.75)....

Financial services for corporate clients ( Financial analysis + Speech or Presentation

Financial services for corporate clients ( Financial analysis + financial calculations) - Speech or Presentation Example It may be because the inventory turnover was lower and it increased the cost of sales therefore they should focus on their supply chain management. All the businesses need to finance their operations in order to make it a going concern otherwise it will be liquidated or bankrupt. Short- term financing refers to financing the day to day operations or expenses such as purchase of raw materials, paying administrative and rental expenses or paying electricity bills. Since as it can be seen from the net cash flow from operating activities table, that the firm has a positive net cash flow from operating activities therefore it can meet those operating needs easily thus short term financing needs could be easily met by the business if it generates sufficient sales in the future. The company can utilize trade credits by using discounts since they already have positive cash flows and can save a great deal of amount. Medium term financing requirements generally expand from a period exceeding one year but have a time horizon of lesser than five years. These types of financing are used to modernize the machineries or equipment or used to improve the facilities. The company needs to incur medium term costs but it is self sufficient and it can finance its medium term needs from its positive cash flows. Long term financing is used to finance fixed assets or used for capital budgeting purpose. To expand its operations, Gulf trading needs long term financing and it can use the various options available to it. Since it has a positive profitability with an average debt-equity ratio, it would be a feasible option to finance through bonds. It can raise debt since it has a very higher time to interest ratio than the industry implying that it can redeem its dues in a timely manner. However, it should be understand that the debt to equity ratio should not exceed the